The Inca Age in cusco

 It is believed that the peruvian territory was populated since 8,000 B.C. by Asian migrating populations, however, we can not talk about a cultural unit because of the registered culture succession since 2,500 B.C., which it first passed through a primitive agriculture and cattle period; it was affirmed the ceramics period in the X Century B.C. The well developed Chavin culture from Huantar, characterized by its great ceremonial buildings and the practice of an evolved culture is one of the first testimonies. At the IV century already was recorded a higher development degree of cultures settled in its territories (Chimu and Nazca), which stand out because of their textile, metallurgy and higher technology irrigation system.
In the VI century A.D. we had the Tiahuanaco Culture. In the XII century A.D. a "quechua" language town was born which was managed by soveraigns called Incas, with poulations which migrated from the Titicaca Lake's banks to Cusco, organization which attained in short time a great territorial expansion.
The Inca Age
The Incas settled down its Empire capital in Cusco City. The Empire was managed by a government system under the Inca's royal tutelage, who was confered with divine powers and enjoyed a great respect. Their religion was monotheist, governed by the Wiracocha god image; this was a laborious and intelligent town which dominated mathematics, astronomy, architecture and ceramics. The stood out in hydraulics and were great farmers and makers of their environment, cultivating their land through the terrace system, called "andenes" (platforms).
In their social structure, there were well defined social categories, the lands were Inca's property and had the "ayllu" as economic unit, organized as per blood links, parent relationship or common forefathers.



The three great and outstanding ones, were Pachacutec, who greatly extended the Empire because of his conquests; Tupac Yupanqui, who established the inspection system in his domains; and Huayna Capac, who conquested the Quito Zone.
The Conquest
Even when the Inca Empire still had not reached its maturity and was weakened by the Civil War between Huascar and Atahualpa, it took place the Spanish colonization; this, after several attempts, began in 1531 in a movement managed by Francisco Pizarro, who took as prisoner Atahualpa in the year 1532 and killed him on the next year, at the same time spaniards entered to Cusco, what took place on January 15, 1533.
Lima, Peruvian Capital city, foundation took place on January 18, 1535 by Francisco Pizarro with the name of "City of the Kings", which turned to be the Nation's Capital; from that moment on, the rivalries among conquerors come about over and over, giving rise to civil wars among them until 1554. Almagro was defeated by Pizarro at Salinas Battle, which occurred on 1538. Just in 1547 the turbulence of Spanish dominion finished with the sending by Spanish side of Pedro de La Gasca (Clergyman), who succeeded in pacifying the intentions, thus consolidating definitively the Peruvian Viceroyship, which constituted the conquested territories in South America, but not the Caracas government, which belonged to Nueva España Viceroyship (Mexico). On May 12, 1551 took place the foundation of the first of our country's university (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos), becoming into the spanish culture center in America; at the same time there were created superior institutes in Arequipa, Trujillo, Pasco and Huancavelica. In 1584, the first printing shop was established by Jesuits. In 1739, the Nueva Granada Viceroyship was definitively born, based on the Panama, Santa Fe and Quito Audiences, to loose, in 1776, the Charcas Audiences, the Tucuman, La Asunción and Buenos Aires Governments, and the Cuyo District, thus becoming reduced to only the Peruvian, Bolivian and Chilean Territories.
The indigenous insurrections of Santos Atahualpa in 1742 and Tupac Amaru in 1780-81, along with the firm position of Viceroy Abascal, prevented the arising of independent attitudes. Between 1805 and 1810, there were produced several rebellion attempts against the colonial authority, being suffocated cruelly.

peru, inca, Chavin, Paracas, Mochica, Nazca, Wari, and Chimú

The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 9,000 years BCE.  The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures such as Cupisnique, Chavin, Paracas, Mochica, Nazca, Wari, and Chimu. In the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money.
In 1532, a group of conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro defeated and captured Inca Emperor Atahualpa. Ten years later, the Spanish Crown established the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of its South American colonies. Viceroy Francisco de Toledo reorganized the country in the 1570s with silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian forced labor as its primary workforce. Peruvian bullion provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines.However, by the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the Bourbon Reforms, a series of edicts that increased taxes and partitioned the Viceroyalty of Peru. The new laws provoked Túpac Amaru II's rebellion and other revolts, all of which were defeated.
In the early 19th century, while most of South America was swept by wars of independence, Peru remained a royalist stronghold. As the elite hesitated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish Monarchy, independence was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability. National identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a Latin American Confederation floundered and a union with Bolivia proved ephemeral. Between the 1840s and 1860s, Peru enjoyed a period of stability under the presidency of Ramón Castilla through increased state revenues from guano exports. However, by the 1870s, these resources had been squandered, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.

Peru covers 1,285,216 km2 (496,225 sq mi). It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The Andes Mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically. The costa (coast), to the west, is a narrow plain, largely arid except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The sierra (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the Altiplano plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the 6,768 m (22,205 ft) Huascarán. The third region is the selva (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the Amazon rainforest that extends east. Almost 60% of the country's area is located within this region.